Several NCPN Clean Plant Centers have been authorized by USDA APHIS to hold Controlled Access Permits, which means they can accept regulated imported plant materials into quarantine. In the past, it has taken years for these materials to make their way through the steps to test for pathogens, ensure propagates are free of virus, and produce “clean” material for distribution. The extended process time was mainly due to the need to grow out plants in controlled environments and then subject them to multiple rounds of testing. With the adoption of High-Throughput sequencing, this process has been shortened significantly and allowing the introduction of new varieties more quickly.
Below is the Abstract of a paper written by a group of scientists associated with NCPN Clean Plant Centers. The entire article can be read here.
A New Era in Federal Quarantine and State Certification Diagnostics at Clean Plant Centers in the USA
Quarantine and certification programs exist to prevent the entry or spread of harmful pests and pathogens into agricultural systems. Their common objective is to identify pathogen-free source material through the application of validated testing methods for subsequent release for propagation. Tests must be accurate, efficient and cost-effective. In recent decades, the best tests have been biological assays in conjunction with PCR testing. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has now become a reliable and cost-effective diagnostic method having greater accuracy and efficiency than biological assays.
In this article, we review the role of Clean Plant Centers in quarantine and certification programs, as well as the process by which HTS was evaluated as a testing method to replace biological assays for screening source material. The data from this evaluation included a side-by-side comparison of HTS and biological assays for cultivars of grapevine, Prunus and rose, and intra- and inter-laboratory validations of an HTS protocol. Based on the results of these evaluations, in 2021 USDA-APHIS and several state regulatory agencies accepted the use of HTS and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to test new introductions of source material, replacing biological indexing.
This new protocol requires testing at two timepoints within at least a six-month interval and a dormancy separating the two tests. Under ideal conditions, testing can be completed in 18-24 months with subsequent release from quarantine of plant material that has tested negative for regulated pathogens. This new testing protocol has a profound impact on quarantine and certification programs, facilitating quicker access of stakeholders to clean materials for propagation and increasing the number of pathogens that are detected, and even discovered, with reduced cost, effort, and time.
