Glossary

                                                         GLOSSARY
                                                             

Agricultural Experiment Station
The Agricultural Experiment Stations are the structure for federated, yet independent, research institutions in each state and territory.  The structure was created to address the location-specific problems of farmers and to build a core of basic scientific knowledge related to agriculture. On March 2, 1887, President Grover Cleveland signed legislation promoting ‘scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agricultural science’ through annual grants to each state and territory to establish agricultural experiment stations under the direction of the land-grant colleges. 

Agricultural Research Service
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is an agency within the United States Department of Agriculture.  ARS is primarily responsible for the USDA’s in-house research activities.  
http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/main.htm

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is an agency within the United States Department of Agriculture.  APHIS provides leadership to ensure the health and care of animals and plants and has jurisdiction over quarantine programs and plant introductions in the United States.  http://www.aphis.usda.gov/

APHIS
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is an agency within the United States Department of Agriculture.  APHIS provides leadership to ensure the health and care of animals and plants and has jurisdiction over quarantine programs and plant introductions in the United States.  
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/                           

ARS
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is an agency within the United States Department of Agriculture.  ARS is primarily responsible for the USDA’s in-house research activities.    http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/main.htm

Asexually propagated
Asexual propagation means that plants are reproduced using the following methods: cuttings, layering, division, grafting, budding and tissue culture.  Asexual propagation does not involve exchange of genetic material because multiplication does not occur through the seed cycle.  Asexual reproduction almost always produces plants that are identical to a single parent. 

Buffer zone
An area surrounding or adjacent to an area officially delimited for phytosanitary purposes in order to minimize the probability of spread of the target pest or disease into or out of the delimited area, and subject to phytosanitary or other control measures, if appropriate. 

Canadian Food Inspection Agency
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is mandated to safeguard Canada’s food supply and the plants and animals upon which safe and high-quality food depends.  The CFIA plays an important role in protecting Canada’s plant resource base from pest and diseases.  CFIA regulates the import and export of horticultural crops such as grapes and fruit trees. 
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/plavege.shtml

CCC
The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is a federally owned and operated corporation within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).  The CCC was created to stabilize, support, and protect agricultural prices and farm income through loans, purchases, payments and other operations. The National Clean Plant Network funding in the 2008 Farm Bill will be administered through the CCC. 

CDFA
The California Department of Food & Agriculture administers the state certification programs for grapes and for fruit and nut trees.

Certification Program
A certification program is a comprehensive process established, authorized and performed by a state or other governmental entity (e.g., CFIA) for the production of plants free of regulated pests and diseases. The regulations for each program define the program participation, plant production, plant identification and labelling, and quality assurance requirements. There are certification programs for grapevines and fruit and nut trees in many states.

CES
The Cooperative Extension System (CES) is a national, publicly funded, non-credit educational system that links the educational and research resources and activities of the USDA, land-grant institutions in every state, territory, and the District of Columbia, and approximately 3,150 county administrative units.  This unique federal, state, local, and tribal college partnership focuses on practical solutions to critical issues affecting people’s daily lives. 

CFIA
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is mandated to safeguard Canada’s food supply and the plants and animals upon which safe and high-quality food depends.  The CFIA plays an important role in protecting Canada’s plant resource base from pest and diseases.  CFIA regulates the import and export of horticultural crops such as grapes and fruit trees.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/plavege.shtml

CGC
Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) is the generic name for a specific national working group of specialists providing analysis, data and recommendations on genetic resources within a specific crop or group of related crops of present or future economic importance.  These committees represent their user communities. Forty CGCs provide support to the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) within the USDA.
http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/aboutcgc.html

Commodity
A commodity is a type of plant, plant product, or other article being moved for trade or other purpose. Commodities in the National Clean Plant Network include grapevines and fruit and nut trees.

Commodity Credit Corporation
The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is a federally owned and operated corporation within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).  The CCC was created to stabilize, support, and protect agricultural prices and farm income through loans, purchases, payments and other operations. The National Clean Plant Network funding in the 2008 Farm Bill will be administered through the CCC. 

Cooperative Extension System
The Cooperative Extension System (CES) is a national, publicly funded, non-credit educational system that links the educational and research resources and activities of the USDA, land-grant institutions in every state, territory, and the District of Columbia, and approximately 3,150 county administrative units.  This unique federal, state, local, and tribal college partnership focuses on practical solutions to critical issues affecting people’s daily lives. 

Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service
The Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) is an agency within the USDA that unites research, higher education, and extension education and outreach resources.  Its mission is to advance knowledge for agriculture, the environment, human health and well being, and communities.  A broad spectrum of public and private partnerships, including other USDA agencies, federal and state government departments, nonprofit organizations, and private sector entities strengthens CSREES contributions.  CSREES is also the federal partner of the Cooperative Extension System.   
http://www.csrees.usda.gov/

Core Working Group
The Core Working Group (CWG) is the nucleus of the top tier level (Tier 1) of the Governing Body of the National Clean Plant Network.  The CWG consists of three USDA agencies (APHIS, ARS, CSREES) who have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to act as a single unit in the NCPN governing structure. Each agency provides its own resources.

Crop Germplasm Committee
Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) is the generic name for a specific national working group of specialists providing analysis, data and recommendations on genetic resources within a specific crop or group of related crops of present or future economic importance.  These committees represent their user communities. Forty CGCs provide support to the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) within the USDA.
http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/aboutcgc.html

CSREES
The Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) is an agency within the USDA that unites research, higher education, and extension education and outreach resources.  Its mission is to advance knowledge for agriculture, the environment, human health and well being, and communities.  A broad spectrum of public and private partnerships, including other USDA agencies, federal and state government departments, nonprofit organizations, and private sector entities strengthens CSREES contributions.  CSREES is also the federal partner of the Cooperative Extension System. 
http://www.csrees.usda.gov/

CWG
The Core Working Group (CWG) is the nucleus of the top tier level (Tier 1) of the Governing Body of the National Clean Plant Network.  The CWG consists of three USDA agencies (APHIS, ARS, CSREES) who have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to act as a single unit in the NCPN governing structure. Each agency provides its own resources.

Eastern Grape Clean Plant Network
The lowest governance level for the Grape Clean Plant Network is Tier 3, consisting of two regional bodies. The Eastern Grape Clean Plant Network (EGCPN) is composed of representatives from states other than California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho. The EGCPN covers an area roughly east of the Rocky Mountains. The headquarters for the EGCPN is Cornell University in Geneva, New York.

EGCPN
The lowest governance level for the Grape Clean Plant Network is Tier 3, consisting of two regional bodies. The Eastern Grape Clean Plant Network (EGCPN) is composed of representatives from states other than California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho. The EGCPN covers an area roughly east of the Rocky Mountains. The headquarters for the EGCPN is Cornell University in Geneva, New York.

FACA
The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) was enacted in 1972 to control the growth and operation of the numerous committees, boards, commissions, councils and similar groups which have been established to advise officers and agencies in the executive branch of the Federal Government.  FACA rules may apply if an advisory committee or board is not composed wholly of full-time or permanent part time federal employees.  The NCPN Governing Body – Tier 1 serves as an advisory body to the USDA for the National Clean Plant Network.  

FAO
The FAO is the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
http://www.fao.org/bestpractices/content/03/03_03_en.htm

Farm Bill (2007)
The Food, Conservation & Energy Act of 2008, also known as the 2007 Farm Bill, is a five-year agricultural policy bill passed by the United States Congress as a continuation of the 2002 Farm Bill. One specific initiative in the bill was four-year funding for a National Clean Plant Network.
http://agriculture.house.gov/inside/FarmBill.html

Federal Advisory Committee Act
The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) was enacted in 1972 to control the growth and operation of the numerous committees, boards, commissions, councils and similar groups which have been established to advise officers and agencies in the executive branch of the Federal Government.  FACA rules may apply if an advisory committee or board is not composed wholly of full-time or permanent part time federal employees.  The NCPN Governing Body – Tier 1 serves as an advisory body to the USDA for the National Clean Plant Network.  

Food, Conservation & Energy Act of 2008
The Food, Conservation & Energy Act of 2008, also known as the 2007 Farm Bill, is a five-year agricultural policy bill passed by the United States Congress as a continuation of the 2002 Farm Bill. One specific initiative in the bill was four-year funding for a National Clean Plant Network.
http://agriculture.house.gov/inside/FarmBill.html

Foundation block (Foundation stock)
A foundation block is a planting of a group of mother vines from sources that have been tested for viruses or other diseases and are maintained in isolation under conditions that prevent (re)infection. Foundation Plant Services (University of California, Davis) maintains a foundation vineyard containing grapevines.  Two separate programs at Washington State University at Prosser, Washington, maintain two foundation blocks, a vineyard at NWGFS and a fruit and nut tree foundation block  at NRSP-5. These blocks are considered Generation 1 (G1) stock within the meaning of the ‘Generation level’ concept recommended by the NAPPO Guidelines. 

Foundation Plant Services
Foundation Plant Services (FPS) is a self-supporting service department in the College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences at the University of California, Davis.  FPS produces, tests, maintains and distributes premium foundation-level plant materials for use by growers and wholesale nurseries.  Grapevines and fruit and nut trees are among the crops that are virus-tested for the California certification programs.  FPS is the home of the nation’s only dedicated grape importation facility, processing foreign grape selections through quarantine for evaluation and use by the United States grape industry.  FPS is the headquarters for the Grape National Clean Plant Network.
http://fpms.ucdavis.edu/

FPS
Foundation Plant Services (FPS) is a self-supporting service department in the College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences at the University of California, Davis.  FPS produces, tests, maintains and distributes premium foundation-level plant materials for use by growers and wholesale nurseries.  Grapevines and fruit and nut trees are among the crops that are virus-tested for the California certification programs.  FPS is the home of the nation’s only dedicated grape importation facility, processing foreign grape selections through quarantine for evaluation and use by the United States grape industry.  FPS is the headquarters for the Grape National Clean Plant Network.
http://fpms.ucdavis.edu/

Fruit Tree National Clean Plant Network
Each commodity in the National Clean Plant Network has its own governing structure. The Fruit Tree National Clean Plant Network (FTNCPN) is composed of a single national body for the entire United States (Tier 2). The NRSP-5 Program at Washington State University at Prosser, Washington, acts as the headquarters for the Fruit Tree NCPN (Tier 2).

FTNCPN
Each commodity in the National Clean Plant Network has its own governing structure. The Fruit Tree National Clean Plant Network (FTNCPN) is composed of a single national body for the entire United States (Tier 2). The NRSP-5 Program at Washington State University at Prosser, Washington, acts as the headquarters for the Fruit Tree NCPN (Tier 2).

G1 (Generation 1)
The ‘Generation level’ concept is used to define plant material categories in clean stock certification programs. See the complete discussion of Generation levels under ‘Generation, or, Generation level’ (below).

Generation 1 (G1) refers to the original mother plants (nuclear material) that are tested for viruses of concern and maintained in isolation in the foundation block in order to prevent (re)infection. G1 stock is the original source of virus-tested plant material that is distributed to nurseries, growers or other interested parties within certification programs, such as those for grapes and fruit and nut trees.

G2 (Generation 2)
The ‘Generation level’ concept is used to define plant material categories in clean stock certification programs. See the complete discussion of Generation levels under ‘Generation, or, Generation level’ (below).

Generation 2 (G2) plant material is propagated from G1 (foundation, nuclear) stock and grown under specific conditions to prevent (re)infection.  G2 stock is frequently maintained by nurseries in increase blocks to supply to commercial growers. 

G3 or G4 (Generation 3 or 4)
The ‘Generation level’ concept is used to define plant material categories in clean stock certification programs. See the complete discussion of Generation levels under ‘Generation, or, Generation level’ (below).

Generation 3 (G3) or Generation 4 (G4) plant material is propagated from G2 and G3 stock, respectively.  G3 or G4 stock is commonly used in secondary increase blocks and certified nursery blocks.

Generation, or, Generation level
The ‘Generation level’ concept is used in the NAPPO Guidelines (RSPM No. 25) and some clean stock certification programs to define plan material categories within the program(s). The ‘Generation level’ signifies the degree to which plant stock is related to the original virus-tested plant material maintained in the foundation block(s) of those programs. Regulations promulgated by certification programs specify the conditions under which each Generation level must be maintained in order to qualify for the program.  The regulations include testing specifications, regular inspections, isolation requirements and other conditions under which the plants must be grown to prevent (re)infection. 

Generation 1 (G1) refers to the original mother plants (nuclear material) that are tested for viruses of concern and maintained in isolation in the foundation block in order to prevent (re)infection. G1 stock is the original source of virus-tested plant material that is distributed to nurseries, growers or other interested parties within certification programs, such as those for grapes and fruit and nut trees.

Generation 2 (G2) plant material is propagated from G1 stock and grown under specific conditions to prevent (re)infection.  G2 stock is frequently maintained by nurseries in increase blocks to supply to commercial growers. 

Generation 3 (G3) or Generation 4 (G4) plant material is propagated from G2 and G3 stock, respectively.  G3 or G4 stock is commonly used in secondary increase blocks and certified nursery blocks.

Many certification programs use labels other than ‘Generation level’ in their regulations.  The NAPPO Guidelines recommend that clean stock programs adopt the ‘Generation level’ categories for harmonization purposes.

GNCPN
Each commodity in the National Clean Plant Network has its own governing structure.  The Grape Clean Plant Network (GNCPN) is composed of a national body (Tier 2) and East and West regional bodies (Tier 3). Foundation Plant Services (UC Davis) acts as the headquarters for the Grape National Clean Plant Network (Tier 2) and Western Clean Plant Network – Grape (Tier 3).

Grape National Clean Plant Network
Each commodity in the National Clean Plant Network has its own governing structure.  The Grape Clean Plant Network (GNCPN) is composed of a national body (Tier 2) and East and West regional bodies (Tier 3). Foundation Plant Services (UC Davis) acts as the headquarters for the Grape National Clean Plant Network (Tier 2) and Western Clean Plant Network – Grape (Tier 3).

Harmonization
Harmonization is the establishment, recognition and application by different countries of phytosanitary measures based on common standards. 

Heat treatment
Heat treatment is a technique used on plants (for example, grapevines) that was thought to result in elimination of virus diseases. The plant is heated until it reaches a minimum temperature for a minimum period of time according to an official technical specification. 

Import permit
An import permit is an official document authorizing importation of a commodity in accordance with specified phytosanitary import requirements. 

International Plant Protection Convention
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international treaty to prevent the spread and introduction of pests and diseases of plants and plant products and to promote appropriate measures for their control.  It is governed by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM), which adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs).  The CPM has confirmed the IPP as the preferred forum for national IPPC reporting and the exchange of more general information among the phytosanitary community.
https://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default.jsp

International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures
The International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) is an international standard adopted by the Conference of FAO (the Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures or the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, established under the IPPC. 

IPPC
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international treaty to prevent the spread and introduction of pests and diseases of plants and plant products and to promote appropriate measures for their control.  It is governed by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM), which adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs).  The CPM has confirmed the IPP as the preferred forum for national IPPC reporting and the exchange of more general information among the phytosanitary community.
https://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default.jsp

Isolation Distance
See ‘Buffer zone’

ISPM
The International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) is an international standard adopted by the Conference of FAO (the Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures or the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, established under the IPPC.

Land Grant University
A land grant institution is a college or university that has been designated by its state legislature or Congress to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890.  The original mission of these institutions, as set forth in the first Morrill Act, was to teach agriculture, military tactics, and the mechanical arts, as well as classical studies, so that members of the working classes could obtain a liberal, practical education. 

Meristem tip (tissue) culture
Tissue culture is a plant propagation or disease elimination technique whereby tissue pieces (cells) are separated from an organism and cultured in a sterile growth media apart from that organism.  One of the preferred disease elimination methods for plants is ‘microshoot tip culture’, which is very effective for eliminating most viral, bacterial and fungal contaminants. In this technique, the tissue pieces (cells) are harvested from a meristem tip of the plant. The meristem tip is the actively growing tissue at the tip of the shoot. A meristem tip of less than 0.5mm is extracted from the shoot and placed in sterile tissue culture growth media, where the new plant develops.  

Microshoot tip (tissue) culture
Tissue culture is a plant propagation or disease elimination technique whereby tissue pieces (cells) are separated from an organism and cultured in a sterile growth media apart from that organism.  One of the preferred disease elimination methods for plants is ‘microshoot tip culture’, which is very effective for eliminating most viral, bacterial and fungal contaminants. In this technique, the tissue pieces (cells) are harvested from a meristem tip of the plant. The meristem tip is the actively growing tissue at the tip of the shoot. A meristem tip of less than 0.5mm is extracted from the shoot and placed in sterile tissue culture growth media, where the new plant develops.  

MOU Agencies
Three federal agencies within the USDA signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to administer the National Clean Plant Network as a single entity known as the Core Working Group. Those three agencies are ARS, APHIS and CSREES.

Multistate Research Activities
Much CSREES-sponsored research within the land grant system is carried out through multistate research activities. Those activities involve research on high-priority topics among the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) in partnership with CSREES, other research institutions and agencies, and with the Cooperative Extension Service. The NE1020 Program (Multistate Evaluation of Winegrape Cultivars and Clones) is an example of a multistate research activity sponsored by CSREES. 

NAPPO
The North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) is a regional Plant Protection Organization of the International Plant Protection Convention.  NAPPO coordinates the efforts among Canada, the United States and Mexico to protect their plant resources from the entry, establishment and spread of regulated plant pests and diseases, while facilitating intra/ interregional trade.
http://www.nappo.org/

National Clean Plant Network
The National Clean Plant Network (NCPN) is a national network created in 2008 to protect U.S. specialty crop agriculture and the environment from the spread of targeted plant diseases and pests that cause economic damage.  The enabling legislation requires that the NCPN: (1) produce clean propagative material; and (2) maintain blocks of pathogen-tested plant material throughout the United States. Initial efforts are focused on asexually propagated plant material with a primary emphasis on fruit crops such as grapes and fruit trees.
http://groups.ucanr.org/ncpn/

National Clonal Germplasm Repository
The National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) system contains 32 federally funded repositories in the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). The repositories are dedicated to the collection, preservation and distribution of diverse plant germplasm from around the world.

National Grapevine Importation Program
The National Grapevine Importation Program is a cooperative effort initiated by the University of California (Foundation Plant Services), the United States Department of Agriculture, the California Department of Food & Agriculture and the grape industry.  The Program is the largest nationally-recognized program for importing grape selections into the United States. The Program is based at FPS in Davis, California, which serves as both an importation and quarantine facility with state-of-the-art laboratory for disease detection and elimination as well as field plantings.  The self-supporting program enables grape growers, nurseries, researchers and wineries to bring valuable new selections into the United States without the threat of importing foreign exotic pests and diseases that could cause serious damage to the industry.

National Plant Board
The National Plant Board is a non-profit organization of the plant pest regulatory agencies of each of the states within the United States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.  Member agencies must be members in good standing of the regional plant board in which their state is located. The purpose of the national board is to address regional plant board recommendations and to harmonize plant health programs and plant pest prevention and regulation initiatives.
http://www.nationalplantboard.org/ 

National Plant Germplasm System
The National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is a major player in the U.S. effort to conserve and use crop germplasm.  The NPGS has collections of about 85 crops in thirty-two federally funded repositories, to which breeders and the public have access. Publicly funded germplasm banks provide society with different services than private collections.  The goal of the federal system is to maintain germplasm on a long term basis to meet future needs. Exotic germplasm maintained in the federal collection is a crucial source of needed traits. Diverse genetic resources are a critical input in the agricultural production process. http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/plants/in_focus/pbgg_if_npgs.html

National Plant Protection Organization
A National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) is an official service established by a government to discharge the functions specified by the IPPC. 

National Research Initiative
The National Research Initiative (NRI) is a competitive research and integrated research/education/extension grants program administered by CSREES. 

National Research Support Project - 5
The National Research Support Project 5 (NRSP-5) is a program at Washington State University, in Prosser, Washington.  The program supports research and development of ‘virus free’ pome and stone fruit trees.  The Prosser program acts as the headquarters of the Fruit Tree National Clean Plant Network.
http://nrsp5.prosser.wsu.edu/

NCGR
The National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) system contains 32 federally funded repositories in the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). The repositories are dedicated to the collection, preservation and distribution of diverse plant germplasm from around the world.

NCPN
The National Clean Plant Network (NCPN) is a national network created in 2008 to protect U.S. specialty crop agriculture and the environment from the spread of targeted plant diseases and pests that cause economic damage.  The enabling legislation requires that the NCPN: (1) produce clean propagative material; and (2) maintain blocks of pathogen-tested plant material throughout the United States. Initial efforts are focused on asexually propagated plant material with a primary emphasis on fruit crops such as grapes and fruit trees.
http://groups.ucanr.org/ncpn/

NE 1020 Program: Multistate Evaluation of Winegrape Cultivars and Clones
The NE1020 Program is a multistate research initiative sponsored by CSREES for the evaluation of winegrape cultivars and clones throughout the United States.  The research project will test the performance of clones of the major global cultivars and of new or previously neglected wine grape cultivars, such as hybrids, in the different wine grape growing regions within the United States. The goal is to improve the competitiveness of U.S. grape growers and wineries by providing performance and quality information that is much need for planting decisions.
http://nimss.umd.edu/homepages/saes.cfm?trackID=4034

North American Plant Protection Organization
The North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) is a regional Plant Protection Organization of the International Plant Protection Convention.  NAPPO coordinates the efforts among Canada, the United States and Mexico to protect their plant resources from the entry, establishment and spread of regulated plant pests and diseases, while facilitating intra/ interregional trade.
http://www.nappo.org/

NorthWest Grape Foundation Service
The NorthWest Grape Foundation Service (NWGFS) is a clean stock facility for grapevine plant material that is affiliated with Washington State University and located in Prosser, Washington. The NWGFS has a foundation vineyard that is state certified and virus tested. The collection includes grapevine varieties from Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca and other species. The NWGFS program is independent of the NRSP-5 program for fruit trees, also located in Prosser.  http://nwgfs.wsu.edu/

NPGS
The National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is a major player in the U.S. effort to conserve and use crop germplasm.  The NPGS has collections of about 85 crops in thirty-two federally funded repositories, to which breeders and the public have access. Publicly funded germplasm banks provide society with different services than private collections.  The goal of the federal system is to maintain germplasm on a long term basis to meet future needs. Exotic germplasm maintained in the federal collection is a crucial source of needed traits. Diverse genetic resources are a critical input in the agricultural production process. http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/plants/in_focus/pbgg_if_npgs.html

NPPO
A National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) is an official service established by a government to discharge the functions specified by the IPPC. 

NRI
The National Research Initiative (NRI) is a competitive research and integrated research/education/extension grants program administered by CSREES. 

NRSP-5
The National Research Support Project 5 (NRSP-5) is a program at Washington State University, Prosser, Washington.  The program supports research and development of ‘virus free’ pome and stone fruit trees.  The Prosser program acts as the headquarters of the Fruit Tree National Clean Plant Network.
http://nrsp5.prosser.wsu.edu/

NWGFS
The NorthWest Grape Foundation Service (NWGFS) is a clean stock facility for grapevine plant material that is affiliated with Washington State University and located in Prosser, Washington. The NWGFS has a foundation vineyard that is state certified and virus tested. The collection includes grapevine varieties from Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca and other species. The NWGFS program is independent of the NRSP-5 program for fruit trees, also located in Prosser.  http://nwgfs.wsu.edu/

Pathogen
A pathogen is a micro-organism causing disease. Examples of pathogens include viruses, Agrobacterium, phytoplasmas, and powdery mildew.

Pest
A pest is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products. 

Phytosanitary measure
A phytosanitary measure is any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of pests or diseases.  (IPPC)

Plant Protection and Quarantine
Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) is a program within the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA.  PPQ safeguards agriculture and natural resources from the risks associated with the entry, establishment or spread of animal and plant pests and diseases and noxious weeds to ensure an abundant, high-quality and varied food supply.  PPQ regulates the importation of grape and fruit tree plant materials into the United States.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/

Plant quarantine
Plant quarantine includes all activities designed to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests and diseases or to ensure their official control.  (ISPM)

Plant pathogen
See ‘Pathogen’

Plants for planting
‘Plants for planting’  refers to plants intended to remain planted, to be planted or replanted.  (NAPPO)

Pome fruit
Pome fruit includes plants of the genera Malus, Pyrus, Chaenomeles and Cydonia.

PPQ
Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) is a program within the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA.  PPQ safeguards agriculture and natural resources from the risks associated with the entry, establishment or spread of animal and plant pests and diseases and noxious weeds to ensure an abundant, high-quality and varied food supply.  PPQ regulates the importation of grape and fruit tree plant materials into the United States.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/

Prosser, Washington
Washington State University at Prosser, Washington, is the headquarters for the Fruit Tree National Clean Plant Network.

Quarantine
Quarantine is the official confinement of regulated articles for observation and research or for further inspection, testing and/or treatment.

Quarantine pest
A quarantine pest is a pest or disease of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled. 

Regulated non-quarantine pest
A non-quarantine pest or disease is one whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party. 

Regulated pest
A regulated pest or disease is defined as a quarantine pest or disease or a regulated non-quarantine pest or disease.

SAES
The State Agriculture Experiment Stations (SAES) is the structure for federated, yet independent, research institutions in each state and territory.  The structure was created to address the location-specific problems of farmers and to build a core of basic scientific knowledge related to agriculture. On March 2, 1887, President Grover Cleveland signed legislation promoting ‘scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agricultural science’ through annual grants to each state and territory to establish agricultural experiment stations under the direction of the land-grant colleges. 

Shoot tip ( tissue) culture
See ‘Microshoot tip (tissue) culture’

SME
SME is a subject matter expert.  Subject matter experts will be invited to attend meetings at each level in the National Clean Plant Network governance structure.

State Agriculture Experiment Stations
The State Agriculture Experiment Stations (SAES) is the structure for federated, yet independent, research institutions in each state and territory.  The structure was created to address the location-specific problems of farmers and to build a core of basic scientific knowledge related to agriculture. On March 2, 1887, President Grover Cleveland signed legislation promoting ‘scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agricultural science’ through annual grants to each state and territory to establish agricultural experiment stations under the direction of the land-grant colleges. 

Stone Fruit
Stone fruit includes plants of the genus Prunus.

Tier 1
The National Clean Plant Network (NCPN) is composed of a tiered governance structure.  Tier 1 is the primary or top level in that structure. The seven voting members of the Tier 1 Board must be state or federal employees and include the Core Working Group, state and federal regulatory personnel, a Crop Germplasm employee, and representatives from the lower tiers for the grape and fruit tree networks.  Subject matter experts are invited as advisory members.  The Tier 1 Board will solicit proposals and make funding distribution decisions among the commodities in the NCPN. 

Tier 2
The National Clean Plant Network (NCPN) is composed of a tiered governance structure.  Tier 2 is the secondary or national level of governance for each plant commodity.  The Fruit Tree Clean Plant Network (FTCPN) has opted to govern itself completely at the Tier 2 level, without regional divisions.  The Grape Clean Plant Network (GCPN) has a Tier 2 National Board, as well as regional Tier 3 Boards for the Eastern and Western United States.

Tier 3
The Grape National Clean Plant Network is subdivided into Eastern and Western Regional Networks (Tier 3).  Each Tier 3 Network has its own governing board and sends representatives to the National Grape Tier 2 Board.  Tier 3 for the West is composed roughly of the Western states, including California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Tier 3 for the East is composed of all the remaining states with an interest in grape certification programs.

Tissue culture
Tissue culture is a plant propagation or disease elimination technique whereby tissue pieces (cells) are separated from an organism and cultured in a sterile growth media apart from that organism.  One of the preferred disease elimination methods for plants is ‘microshoot tip culture’, which is very effective for eliminating most viral, bacterial and fungal contaminants. In this technique, the tissue pieces (cells) are harvested from a meristem tip of the plant. The meristem tip is the actively growing tissue at the tip of the shoot. A meristem tip of less than 0.5mm is extracted from the shoot and placed in sterile tissue culture growth media, where the new plant develops.  

United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the third-largest civilian department of the United States government.  The Department oversees a variety of agencies, government corporations, and other entities that employ more than 100,000 people at more than 15,000 locations in all 50 states and in 80 countries. (C)
http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome
 
USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the third-largest civilian department of the United States government.  The Department oversees a variety of agencies, government corporations, and other entities that employ more than 100,000 people at more than 15,000 locations in all 50 states and in 80 countries. 
http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome
 
Virus
Viruses and virus-like pathogens including phytoplasmas, viroids and graft-transmissible agents that are tested in importation and certification programs

Virus tested
Tested for and found free of viruses of concern

Western Grape Clean Plant Network
The lowest governance level for the Grape Clean Plant Network is Tier 3,  consisting of two regional bodies. The Western Grape Clean Plant Network is composed of representatives from states west of the Rocky Mountains, primarily California, Oregon, Idaho and Washington. The headquarters for the WGCPN is Foundation Plant Services at the University of California, Davis.

WGCPN
The lowest governance level for the Grape Clean Plant Network is Tier 3,  consisting of two regional bodies. The Western Grape Clean Plant Network is composed of representatives from states west of the Rocky Mountains, primarily California, Oregon, Idaho and Washington. The headquarters for the WGCPN is Foundation Plant Services at the University of California, Davis.

December, 2008